1, Uru Hydroxyl: 1 gram nke polymer polyol nwere hydroxyl (-OH) nke kwekọrọ na ọnụọgụ milligrams nke KOH, nkeji mgKOH/g.
2, Ihe nhata: nkezi ibu molekul nke otu ọrụ.
3, Ọdịnaya Isocyanate: Ọdịnaya nke isocyanate dị na molekul ahụ
4, Ndekọ Isocyanate: na-egosi oke oke isocyanate na usoro polyurethane, nke mkpụrụedemede R na-anọchite anya ya.
5. Ihe na-agbatị agbụ: Ọ na-ezo aka na obere mmanya na amine dị arọ nke molekul nke nwere ike ịgbatị, gbasaa ma ọ bụ mepụta njikọ netwọk oghere nke agbụ molekul.
6. Nkewa siri ike: Nkewa yinye nke e ji mmeghachi omume nke isocyanate, onye na-agbatị yinye na onye na-ejikọta ya na yinye isi nke molekul polyurethane mepụta, otu ndị a nwekwara ike ijikọ ọnụ karịa, oke oghere buru ibu na ike siri ike karịa.
7, Nkewa dị nro: polyol polymer nke agbụ ígwè carbon carbon bụ isi, mgbanwe dị mma, na polyurethane isi agbụ ígwè maka akụkụ agbụ ígwè na-agbanwe agbanwe.
8, Usoro otu nzọụkwụ: na-ezo aka na oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, ihe ndọtị yinye na ihe na-akpali akpali agwakọtara n'otu oge mgbe etinyere ya ozugbo n'ime ebu ahụ, na usoro ịkpụzi okpomọkụ ụfọdụ.
9, Usoro Prepolymer: Mmeghachi omume mbụ nke oligomer polyol na diisocyanate prepolymerization, iji mepụta polyurethane prepolymer nke dabeere na NCO, wụsa na emeghachi omume prepolymer na ihe mgbakwunye yinye, nkwadebe nke usoro polyurethane elastomer, nke a na-akpọ usoro prepolymer.
10, Usoro Semi-prepolymer: ihe dị iche n'etiti usoro semi-prepolymer na usoro prepolymer bụ na a na-agbakwunye akụkụ nke polyester polyol ma ọ bụ polyether polyol na prepolymer n'ụdị ngwakọta ya na ihe ndọtị yinye, ihe na-akpali akpali, wdg.
11, Mkpụgharị ...
12, Ndepụta Ụfụfụ: ya bụ, ọnụọgụgụ akụkụ mmiri ejiri mee ihe na akụkụ 100 nke polyether ka a na-akọwa dị ka ndepụta ụfụfụfụ (IF).
13, Mmeghachi omume ụfụfụ: na-ezo aka na mmeghachi omume nke mmiri na isocyanate iji mepụta urea dochie anya ma wepụta CO2.
14, Mmeghachi omume Gel: na-ezo aka n'ozuzu na nhazi nke mmeghachi omume carbamate.
15, Oge Gel: n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ihe mmiri mmiri iji mepụta jel chọrọ oge.
16, Oge Mmiri ara ehi: na njedebe nke mpaghara I, ihe na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi pụta ìhè na ngwakọta mmiri ara ehi polyurethane. A na-akpọ oge ude n'ime mmepụta nke ụfụfụ polyurethane.
17, Ọnụọgụ mgbasa nke agbụ: na-ezo aka na oke nke ọnụọgụ amino na hydroxyl otu (unit: mo1) na ihe ndị mejupụtara agbụ nke agbụ (gụnyere ihe ndọtị agbụ nke agbụ) na ọnụọgụ NCO dị na prepolymer, ya bụ, oke ọnụọgụ mole (nọmba nhata) nke otu hydrogen na-arụ ọrụ na NCO.
18, Polyether unsaturation dị ala: karịsịa maka mmepe PTMG, ọnụahịa PPG, unsaturation belatara ruo 0.05mol/kg, nso arụmọrụ nke PTMG, site na iji DMC catalyst, ụdị ngwaahịa Bayer Acclaim bụ isi.
19, ihe mgbaze ọkwa Ammonia ester: mmepụta nke ihe mgbaze polyurethane iji tụlee ike mgbaze, ọnụego volatilization, mana mmepụta nke polyurethane eji na ihe mgbaze, kwesịrị ilekwasị anya n'ịtụle NC0 dị arọ na polyurethane. Enweghị ike ịhọrọ ihe mgbaze dị ka alcohols na ether alcohols ndị na-emeghachi omume na otu NCO. Ihe mgbaze ahụ enweghị ike ịnwe ihe ruru unyi dị ka mmiri na mmanya, ọ nweghịkwa ike ịnwe ihe alkali, nke ga-eme ka polyurethane mebie.
A naghị ekwe ka ihe mgbaze ester nwee mmiri, ọ gaghịkwa enwe asịd na mmanya na-aba n'anya, nke ga-emeghachi omume na otu NCO. Ihe mgbaze ester ejiri mee ihe na polyurethane kwesịrị ịbụ "ihe mgbaze ammonia ester" nke nwere ịdị ọcha dị elu. Ya bụ, ihe mgbaze ahụ na-emeghachi omume na isocyanate gabigara ókè, wee chọpụta ọnụọgụ isocyanate na-anaghị emeghachi omume na dibutylamine iji nwalee ma ọ dị mma maka ojiji. Ụkpụrụ bụ na oriri isocyanate adịghị mkpa, n'ihi na ọ na-egosi na mmiri dị na ester, mmanya, na acid atọ ga-eri uru zuru oke nke isocyanate, ọ bụrụ na egosipụta ọnụọgụgụ gram nke ihe mgbaze achọrọ iji rie otu leqNCO, uru ya bụ ezigbo nkwụsi ike.
A naghị eji ihe na-agbaze ihe dịka isocyanate nke na-erughị 2500 eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbaze polyurethane.
Oke polarity nke ihe mgbaze nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmeghachi omume nke resin. Ka polarity na-abawanye, otú ahụ ka mmeghachi omume ahụ, dị ka toluene na methyl ethyl ketone dị obere karịa ugboro 24, polarity nke molekul solvent a buru ibu, nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen na otu alcohol hydroxyl ma mee ka mmeghachi omume ahụ dị nwayọ.
Ihe mgbaze ester nke a na-akpọ polychlorinated ka mma ịhọrọ ihe mgbaze aromatic, ọsọ mmeghachi omume ha dị ngwa karịa ester, ketone, dị ka xylene. Ojiji nke ihe mgbaze ester na ketone nwere ike ịgbatị ndụ ọrụ nke polyurethane nwere alaka abụọ n'oge owuwu. N'imepụta ihe mkpuchi, nhọrọ nke "ihe mgbaze ammonia-grade" nke a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ bara uru nye ihe mgbaze echekwara.
Ihe mgbaze Ester nwere ike ịgbaze nke ọma, ọnụego mgbanwe dị ala, obere nsí ma a na-eji ya karịa, a na-ejikwa cyclohexanone karịa, ihe mgbaze hydrocarbon enweghị ike ịgbaze nke ọma, obere ojiji naanị ya, yana ojiji karịa na ihe mgbaze ndị ọzọ.
20, Ihe na-eme ka a na-afụ ụfụfụ: ihe na-eme ka a na-afụ ụfụfụ site na mgbanwe nke ọdịdị anụ ahụ nke ihe, ya bụ, site na mgbasawanye nke gas a na-agbanye, mgbanwe nke mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ mgbasa nke ihe siri ike.
21, Ihe ndị na-afụ ụfụ kemịkalụ: ihe ndị na-afụ ụfụ kemịkalụ bụ ndị nwere ike ịhapụ gas dịka carbon dioxide na nitrogen mgbe ha gbasasịrị ọkụ, ma mepụta obere oghere na ihe mejupụtara polymer nke ihe mejupụtara ya.
22, Njikọta anụ ahụ: enwere ụfọdụ agbụ siri ike na agbụ ígwè dị nro nke polima, agbụ ígwè siri ike nwekwara otu ihe anụ ahụ dị ka roba vulcanized mgbe njikọta kemịkalụ gasịrị na okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ebe a na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma ọ bụ ebe a na-agbaze.
23, Njikọta kemịkalụ: na-ezo aka na usoro nke ijikọ nnukwu agbụ molekul site na njikọ kemịkalụ n'okpuru ọrụ nke ìhè, okpomọkụ, radieshon ike dị elu, ike igwe, ultrasound na ihe ndị na-ejikọ njikọta iji mepụta netwọk ma ọ bụ polymer nhazi ọdịdị.
24, Ndepụta Ụfụfụ: ọnụọgụgụ akụkụ mmiri nke hà nhata akụkụ 100 nke polyether ka a na-akọwa dị ka ndepụta ụfụfụ ụfụfụ (IF).
25. Kedu ụdị isocyanates ka a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ihe gbasara nhazi?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. Kedu ụdị isocyanates a na-ejikarị eme ihe? Dee usoro nhazi
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), liquefied MDI, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Ihe TDI-100 na TDI-80 pụtara?
A: TDI-100 bụ toluene diisocyanate nwere nhazi 2,4; TDI-80 na-ezo aka na ngwakọta nke nwere 80% toluene diisocyanate nke nhazi 2,4 na 20% nke nhazi 2,6.
28. Kedu ihe bụ njirimara nke TDI na MDI na mmepụta nke ihe polyurethane?
A: Mmeghachi omume maka 2,4-TDI na 2,6-TDI. Mmeghachi omume nke 2,4-TDI dị elu karịa nke 2,6-TDI ọtụtụ ugboro, n'ihi na NCO nke ọnọdụ 4 dị na 2,4-TDI dị anya site na NCO na otu methyl nke ọnọdụ 2,4, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara inwe ike iguzogide steric, ebe mmetụta steric nke otu ortho-methyl na-emetụta NCO nke 2,6-TDI.
Otu NCO abụọ nke MDI dị anya ma enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ nọ ya gburugburu, yabụ ọrụ nke NCO abụọ ahụ buru ibu. Ọ bụrụgodị na otu NCO esonyere na mmeghachi omume ahụ, ọrụ nke NCO fọdụrụ na-ebelata, ọrụ ahụ ka dịkwa oke ibu n'ozuzu ya. Ya mere, mmeghachi omume nke MDI polyurethane prepolymer buru ibu karịa nke TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI, kedu nke n'ime ihe ndị na-eguzogide odo odo ka mma?
A: HDI (bụ nke aliphatic diisocyanate odo na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe), IPDI (nke e ji polyurethane resin mee nke nwere ezigbo nkwụsi ike anya na iguzogide kemịkalụ, nke a na-ejikarị emepụta resin polyurethane nke na-anaghị agbanwe agba).
30. Ebumnuche nke mgbanwe MDI na ụzọ mgbanwe nkịtị
A: MDI a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ: Ebumnuche emezigharịrị: MDI a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ bụ MDI a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ nke ọma, nke na-emeri ụfọdụ ntụpọ nke MDI dị ọcha (siri ike na okpomọkụ ụlọ, ịgbaze mgbe ejiri ya, ọtụtụ ikpo ọkụ na-emetụta arụmọrụ), ọ na-enyekwa ntọala maka ọtụtụ mgbanwe maka mmezi na mmezi nke ihe polyurethane dabere na MDI.
Ụzọ:
① urethane gbanwere mmiri mmiri MDI.
② carbodimide na uretonimine agbanweela MDI mmiri ara ehi.
31. Kedu ụdị polyols polymer ka a na-ejikarị eme ihe?
A: Polyester polyol, polyether polyol
32. Usoro mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ole ka e nwere maka polyester polyols?
A: Usoro ịgbaze uzuoku B, usoro ịgbaze gas nke na-ebu C, usoro ịgbaze azeotropic
33. Kedu ihe ndị bụ isi dị na azụ molekul nke polyester na polyether polyols?
A: Polyester polyol: Ihe mejupụtara mmanya macromolecular nke nwere otu ester na azụ molecular na otu hydroxyl (-OH) na otu njedebe. Polyether polyols: Polymers ma ọ bụ oligomers nwere njikọ ether (-O-) na eriri njedebe (-Oh) ma ọ bụ otu amine (-NH2) na nhazi azụ nke molecule ahụ.
34. Kedu ụdị polyether polyols dịka njirimara ha si dị?
A: Polyether polyols nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, polyether polyols a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ, polyether polyols nke na-egbochi ire ọkụ, heterocyclic gbanwetụrụ polyether polyols, polytetrahydrofuran polyols.
35. Kedụ ụdị polyether nkịtị dị dịka ihe mmalite si dị?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, polyether polyether siri ike, polyether polyol dị ala nke na-enweghị afọ ojuju.
36. Gịnị bụ ihe dị iche n'etiti polyether ndị a kwụsịrị hydroxy na polyether ndị a kwụsịrị amine?
Polyether ndị a na-akpọ aminoterminated bụ polyoxide allyl ethers ebe a na-eji otu amine dochie njedebe hydroxyl.
37. Kedu ụdị ihe na-eme ka polyurethane na-akpali akpali ka a na-ejikarị eme ihe? Olee ụdị ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị na ya?
A: Ihe ndị na-eme ka amine dị n'okpuru ala sie ike, ụdị ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine,N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Ngwakọta alkyl ọla, ụdị ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ: ihe na-akpali organotin, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime octoate stannous, oleate stannous, na dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Kedu ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka polyurethane chain extenders ma ọ bụ crosslinkers?
A: Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), alcohols alicyclic, alcohols aromatic, diamines, alcohol amines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Usoro mmeghachi omume nke isocyanates
A: Mmeghachi omume nke isocyanates na ngwakọta hydrogen na-arụ ọrụ bụ site na etiti nucleophilic nke molekul ngwakọta hydrogen na-arụ ọrụ na-awakpo atọm carbon nke dabeere na NCO. Usoro mmeghachi omume bụ dịka ndị a:
40. Kedu ka nhazi nke isocyanate si emetụta mmeghachi omume nke otu NCO?
A: Ngụkọta elektrọnịkị nke otu AR: ọ bụrụ na otu R bụ otu ndị na-amịkọrọ elektrọn, njupụta elektrọn nke atọm C dị na otu -NCO dị ala, ọ na-adịkwa mfe karị ịwakpo nucleophiles, ya bụ, ọ dị mfe ime mmeghachi omume nucleophilic na alcohols, amine na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na R bụ otu ndị na-enye elektrọn ma a na-ebufe ya site na igwe ojii elektrọn, njupụta elektrọn nke atọm C dị na otu -NCO ga-abawanye, na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mfe ịwakpo nucleophiles, ikike mmeghachi omume ya na ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na hydrogen ga-ebelata. B. Mmetụta mkpali: N'ihi na aromatic diisocyanate nwere otu NCO abụọ, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa -NCO mbụ sonyere na mmeghachi omume ahụ, n'ihi mmetụta njikọta nke mgbanaka aromatic, otu -NCO nke na-anaghị esonye na mmeghachi omume ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ nke otu ndị na-amịkọrọ elektrọn, ka ọrụ mmeghachi omume nke otu NCO mbụ wee dịkwuo mma, nke bụ mmetụta mkpali. C. mmetụta steric: Na molekul aromatic diisocyanate, ọ bụrụ na otu -NCO abụọ nọ na mgbanaka aromatic n'otu oge, mgbe ahụ mmetụta nke otu NCO na mmeghachi omume nke otu NCO nke ọzọ na-adịkarị mkpa. Agbanyeghị, mgbe otu NCO abụọ dị na mgbaaka aromatic dị iche iche na otu molekul ahụ, ma ọ bụ kewaa ha site na agbụ hydrocarbon ma ọ bụ mgbaaka aromatic, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ha dị obere, ọ na-ebelatakwa ka ogologo nke hydrocarbon yinye ahụ ma ọ bụ mmụba nke ọnụọgụ nke mgbaaka aromatic ahụ na-abawanye.
41. Ụdị ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na hydrogen na mmeghachi omume NCO
A: Aliphatic NH2> Otu ísì ụtọ Bozui OH> Mmiri > Nke abụọ OH> Phenol OH> Otu Carboxyl > Urea a gbanwere > Amido> Carbamate. (Ọ bụrụ na njupụta igwe ojii elektrọn nke etiti nucleophilic dị elu, electronegativity na-esikwu ike, ọrụ mmeghachi omume na isocyanate dịkwa elu ma ọsọ mmeghachi omume na-adị ngwa ngwa; Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọrụ ahụ dị ala.)
42. Mmetụta nke ihe ndị mejupụtara hydroxyl na mmeghachi omume ha na isocyanates
A: Mmeghachi omume nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na hydrogen (ROH ma ọ bụ RNH2) metụtara ihe ndị dị na R, mgbe R bụ otu na-ewepụ elektrọn (electronegativity dị ala), ọ na-esiri ike ibufe atọm hydrogen, mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na hydrogen na NCO na-esikwa ike karị; Ọ bụrụ na R bụ ihe nnọchite anya na-enye electron, enwere ike imeziwanye mmeghachi omume nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na hydrogen na NCO.
43. Gịnị bụ ojiji nke mmeghachi omume isocyanate na mmiri?
A: Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmeghachi omume ndị bụ isi n'ime nkwadebe nke ụfụfụ polyurethane. Mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti ha na-ebu ụzọ mepụta acid carbamic na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-agbaji ghọọ CO2 na amine, ọ bụrụkwa na isocyanate agafee, amine ahụ na-emeghachi omume na isocyanate iji mepụta urea.
44. N'ịkwadebe polyurethane elastomers, a ga-achịkwa mmiri dị na polima polyols nke ọma.
A: Achọghị afụfụ na elastomers, mkpuchi na eriri, yabụ a ga-achịkwa mmiri dị na ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na-adịkarịghị ihe na-erughị 0.05%.
45. Ihe dị iche na mmetụta nke ihe na-akpali akpali nke amine na tin na mmeghachi omume isocyanate
A: Ihe ndị na-eme ka amine dị n'okpuru ala nwere nnukwu arụmọrụ maka mmeghachi omume nke isocyanate na mmiri, ebe ihe ndị na-eme ka tin dị n'okpuru ala nwere nnukwu arụmọrụ maka mmeghachi omume nke isocyanate na otu hydroxyl.
46. Gịnị mere e ji were resin polyurethane dị ka polima blọk, kedukwa ihe ndị e ji mara nhazi agbụ ígwè?
Azịza: Ebe ọ bụ na akụkụ yinye nke resin polyurethane nwere akụkụ siri ike na nke dị nro, akụkụ siri ike na-ezo aka na akụkụ yinye nke mmeghachi omume nke isocyanate, onye na-agbatị yinye na crosslinker na isi yinye nke molekul polyurethane, otu ndị a nwekwara ike ijikọ ọnụ karịa, olu oghere buru ibu na ike siri ike karịa. Akụkụ dị nro na-ezo aka na polyol polymer nke carbon-carbon bụ isi yinye, nke nwere ezigbo mgbanwe ma bụrụ akụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na isi yinye polyurethane.
47. Kedu ihe ndị na-emetụta àgwà nke ihe polyurethane?
A: Ike njikọ otu, njikọ hydrogen, kristal, ogo njikọta, ibu molekul, akụkụ siri ike, akụkụ dị nro.
48. Kedu ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị dị nro ma sie ike na isi ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe polyurethane?
A: Akụkụ dị nro ahụ bụ oligomer polyols (polyester, polyether diols, wdg), akụkụ siri ike ahụ bụkwa polyisocyanates ma ọ bụ njikọta ha na obere ihe ndọtị nke molekul.
49. Kedu ka akụkụ dị nro na akụkụ siri ike si emetụta àgwà nke ihe polyurethane?
A: Akụkụ dị nro: (1) Ibu molekul nke akụkụ dị nro: na-ewere na ibu molekul nke polyurethane bụ otu, ọ bụrụ na akụkụ dị nro bụ polyester, ike nke polyurethane ga-abawanye ka ibu molekul nke polyester diol na-abawanye; Ọ bụrụ na akụkụ dị nro bụ polyether, ike nke polyurethane na-ebelata ka ibu molekul nke polyester diol na-abawanye, mana ogologo ya na-abawanye. (2) Mkpịsị kristal nke akụkụ dị nro: Ọ nwere nnukwu onyinye na kristal nke akụkụ polyurethane agbụ ígwè. N'ozuzu, kristal bara uru maka imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa polyurethane, mana mgbe ụfọdụ kristal na-ebelata obere mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke ihe ahụ, polymer kristal na-abụkarịkwa ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe.
Akụkụ siri ike: Akụkụ agbụ siri ike na-emetụtakarị okpomọkụ dị nro na agbaze na ihe ndị dị elu nke polima. Polyurethanes nke isocyanates aromatic kwadebere nwere mgbaaka aromatic siri ike, yabụ ike polima dị na akụkụ siri ike na-abawanye, ike ihe ahụ na-adịkarịkwa ibu karịa nke polyurethane isocyanate aliphatic, mana iguzogide mmebi ultraviolet adịghị mma, ọ dịkwa mfe ịcha odo. Polyurethanes Aliphatic anaghị edo edo.
50. Nhazi ụfụfụ Polyurethane
A: (1) ụfụfụ siri ike na ụfụfụ dị nro, (2) ụfụfụ dị elu na obere njupụta, (3) ụdị polyester, ụfụfụ ụdị polyether, (4) ụdị TDI, ụfụfụ ụdị MDI, (5) ụfụfụ polyurethane na ụfụfụ polyisocyanurate, (6) usoro otu nzọụkwụ na mmepụta usoro prepolymerization, usoro na-aga n'ihu na mmepụta oge, (8) ụfụfụ ngọngọ na ụfụfụ ebuliri.
51. Mmeghachi omume bụ isi na nkwadebe ụfụfụ
A: Ọ na-ezo aka na mmeghachi omume nke -NCO na -OH, -NH2 na H2O, mgbe a na-emeghachi omume na polyols, "mmeghachi omume gel" n'usoro ịfụ ụfụfụ na-ezo aka na mmeghachi omume nhazi nke carbamate. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe eji eme ụfụfụ ahụ na-eji ihe eji arụ ọrụ dị iche iche, a na-enweta netwọk njikọ, nke na-eme ka sistemụ ịfụ ụfụfụ ahụ nwee ike ịgbaze ngwa ngwa.
Mmeghachi omume ụfụfụ ahụ na-eme n'ime sistemụ ụfụfụ ahụ mgbe mmiri dị. Ihe a na-akpọ "mmeghachi omume ụfụfụ" na-ezo aka na mmeghachi omume nke mmiri na isocyanate iji mepụta urea dochie anya ma wepụta CO2.
52. Usoro mmepụta ihe nke afụfụ
Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na-emeghachi omume n'ime mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ dabere na okpomọkụ nke mmeghachi omume ahụ na-emepụta iji mepụta ihe gas ma mee ka gas ahụ gbawaa. Ka mmeghachi omume ahụ na-aga n'ihu na mmepụta nke nnukwu okpomọkụ mmeghachi omume, ọnụọgụ nke ihe gas na volatilization na-abawanye mgbe niile. Mgbe njupụta gas na-abawanye karịa njupụta saturation, afụ na-adịgide adịgide na-amalite ịpụta na usoro ngwọta ma na-ebili.
53. Ọrụ nke ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ kwụsie ike na nkwadebe nke ụfụfụ polyurethane
A: O nwere mmetụta emulsification, nke mere na a na-eme ka ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ụfụfụ ahụ dịkwuo mma; Mgbe etinyere silicone surfactant, n'ihi na ọ na-ebelata nrụgide elu γ nke mmiri mmiri ahụ nke ukwuu, mmụba nke ike efu achọrọ maka mgbasa gas na-ebelata, nke mere na ikuku agbasasịrị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ahụ nwere ike ịbawanye n'oge usoro ngwakọta, nke na-enyere aka na mmepụta obere afụ ma na-eme ka ụfụfụ ahụ kwụsie ike.
54. Usoro nkwụsi ike nke ụfụfụ
A: Ịgbakwunye nke surfactants kwesịrị ekwesị na-eme ka e nwee mgbasa nke afụ dị nro.
55. Usoro nhazi nke ụfụfụ sel mepere emepe na ụfụfụ sel mechiri emechi
A: Usoro nhazi nke ụfụfụ mkpụrụ ndụ mepere emepe: N'ọtụtụ oge, mgbe enwere nnukwu nrụgide na afụfụ ahụ, ike nke mgbidi afụfụ nke mmeghachi omume gel mepụtara adịghị elu, ihe mkpuchi mgbidi ahụ enweghịkwa ike iguzogide mgbatị nke nrụgide gas na-arị elu kpatara, a na-adọpụ ihe mkpuchi mgbidi afụfụ ahụ, gas ahụ na-apụkwa na mgbawa ahụ, na-emepụta ụfụfụ mkpụrụ ndụ mepere emepe.
Usoro nhazi ụfụfụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ mechiri emechi: Maka sistemụ afụ siri ike, n'ihi mmeghachi omume nke polyether polyols nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na obere ibu molekul na polyisocyanate, ọsọ gel dị ngwa ngwa, gas dị na afụ ahụ enweghịkwa ike imebi mgbidi afụ ahụ, si otú a na-emepụta ụfụfụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ mechiri emechi.
56. Usoro ịfụ ụfụfụ nke ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ na-adị nro na ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ kemịkalụ dị nro
A: Ihe na-eme ka afụfụ ghara ịdị mma: Ihe na-eme ka afụfụ ghara ịdị mma bụ na a na-emepụta oghere ụfụfụ site na mgbanwe nke ọdịdị anụ ahụ nke ihe ụfọdụ, ya bụ, site na mmụba nke gas a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ, mgbanwe nke mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ mgbasa nke ihe siri ike.
Ihe ndị na-afụ ụfụ kemịkalụ: Ihe ndị na-afụ ụfụ kemịkalụ bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ dị ka carbon dioxide na nitrogen ree, ha na-ewepụtakwa obere oghere n'ime ihe mejupụtara polymer.
57. Ụzọ nkwadebe nke ụfụfụ polyurethane dị nro
A: Usoro otu nzọụkwụ na usoro prepolymer
Usoro Prepolymer: ya bụ, a na-eme polyether polyol na mmeghachi omume TDI karịrị akarị ka ọ bụrụ prepolymer nwere otu NCO efu, wee gwakọta ya na mmiri, ihe na-akpali akpali, ihe na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike, wdg., iji mee ụfụfụ. Usoro otu nzọụkwụ: A na-agwakọta ọtụtụ ihe eji emepụta ihe ozugbo n'ime isi ngwakọta site na ngụkọ, a na-ejikwa ụfụfụ mee otu nzọụkwụ, nke enwere ike kewaa n'ime na-aga n'ihu na nke na-aga n'ihu.
58. Àgwà nke ụfụfụ kwụ ọtọ na ụfụfụ kwụ ọtọ
Usoro efere nrụgide kwesịrị ekwesị: nke ejiri akwụkwọ elu na efere mkpuchi elu mara. Usoro oghere mmiri karịrị akarị: nke ejiri efere mmiri gafere na eriri mbufe ihe mara.
Njirimara nke ụfụfụ kwụ ọtọ: ị nwere ike iji obere mmiri iji nweta nnukwu mpaghara nke blọk ụfụfụ, ma na-ejikarị igwe ụfụfụ kwụ ọtọ iji nweta otu akụkụ nke blọk ahụ, ọkwa mmiri ahụ dị okpukpu atọ ruo ise karịa ụfụfụ kwụ ọtọ; N'ihi nnukwu akụkụ obe nke blọk ụfụfụ ahụ, enweghị akpụkpọ ahụ elu na ala, akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'akụkụ dịkwa gịrịgịrị, yabụ mbelata ịkpụcha na-ebelata nke ukwuu. Ngwa ahụ na-ekpuchi obere mpaghara, ogologo osisi ahụ dị ihe dị ka 12 ~ 13m, ọnụ ahịa itinye ego nke osisi na akụrụngwa dịkwa ala karịa nke usoro ụfụfụ kwụ ọtọ; Ọ dị mfe ịgbanwe hopper na ụdị ahụ iji mepụta ahụ ụfụfụ cylindrical ma ọ bụ akụkụ anọ, ọkachasị billets ụfụfụ gburugburu maka ịkpụgharị.
59. Isi ihe ndị bụ isi maka nhọrọ ihe eji emepụta ihe maka nkwadebe ụfụfụ dị nro
A: Polyol: Polyether polyol maka ụfụfụ ngọngọ nkịtị, ịdị arọ molekul bụkarị 3000 ~ 4000, ọkachasị polyether triol. A na-eji polyether triol nwere ịdị arọ molekul nke 4500 ~ 6000 maka ụfụfụ iguzogide dị elu. Ka ịdị arọ molekul na-abawanye, ike nrụgide, ogologo na iguzogide nke ụfụfụ ahụ na-abawanye. Mmeghachi omume nke polyether ndị yiri ya belatara. Ka ọkwa ọrụ nke polyether na-abawanye, mmeghachi omume ahụ na-eme ngwa ngwa, ọkwa njikọ nke polyurethane na-abawanye, ike ụfụfụ na-abawanye, na ogologo ya na-ebelata. Isocyanate: Ihe e ji eme ihe nke polyurethane soft block ụfụfụ bụkarị toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). A na-eji obere ọrụ nke TDI-65 naanị maka ụfụfụ polyurethane polyester ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ polyether pụrụ iche. Ihe na-akpali akpali: Uru nke nnukwu ụfụfụ ụfụfụ dị nro nwere ike kewaa n'ime ụdị abụọ: otu bụ organometallic compounds, stannous caprylate bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe; Ụdị ọzọ bụ thitered amines, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ sie ike: Na polyester polyurethane buru ibu, a na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-abụghị silicon surfactants eme ihe, na na polyether bulk foam, a na-ejikarị organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer eme ihe. Ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị mfe: N'ozuzu, naanị mmiri ka a na-eji eme ka ụfụfụ dị mfe mgbe njupụta nke polyurethane soft block afụ karịrị 21 kg kwa cubic mita; A na-eji obere ebe a na-esi mmiri dị ka methylene chloride (MC) eme ihe dị ka ihe enyemaka na-efe efe naanị na usoro njupụta dị ala.
60. Mmetụta nke ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na njirimara anụ ahụ nke ụfụfụ ngọngọ
A: Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ: mmeghachi omume ụfụfụ nke polyurethane na-eme ngwa ngwa ka okpomọkụ ihe ahụ na-arị elu, nke ga-ebute ihe egwu nke ọkụ isi na ọkụ na usoro ndị dị nro. Mmetụta nke iru mmiri ikuku: Ka iru mmiri na-abawanye, n'ihi mmeghachi omume nke otu isocyanate na ụfụfụ ahụ na mmiri dị n'ikuku, ike nke ụfụfụ ahụ na-ebelata ma ogologo ya na-abawanye. Ike nrụgide nke ụfụfụ ahụ na-abawanye ka otu urea na-abawanye. Mmetụta nke nrụgide ikuku: Maka otu usoro ahụ, mgbe a na-afụ ụfụfụ n'ebe dị elu, njupụta ya na-ebelata nke ukwuu.
61. Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti sistemụ ihe eji eme ihe maka ụfụfụ dị nro nke a kpụrụ n'oge oyi na ụfụfụ a kpụrụ n'oge ọkụ
A: Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe e ji kpụọ ...
62. Kedu ihe bụ njirimara nke ụfụfụ dị nro a kpụrụ akpụ nke oyi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụfụfụ a kpụrụ akpụ nke ọkụ
A: ① Usoro mmepụta anaghị achọ okpomọkụ mpụga, ọ nwere ike ịchekwa ọtụtụ okpomọkụ; ② Oke oke sag (oke ndakọrịta), arụmọrụ dị mma; ③ Oke ọnụego nlọghachi; ④ Ụfụfụ na-enweghị ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ nwekwara ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi ire ọkụ; ⑤ Oge mmepụta dị mkpụmkpụ, nwere ike ịchekwa ebu, chekwaa ọnụ ahịa.
63. Àgwà na ojiji nke afụ dị nro na afụ siri ike n'otu n'otu
A: Àgwà nke afụfụ dị nro: Ọdịdị sel nke afụfụ dị nro nke polyurethane na-emepekarị emepe. N'ozuzu, ọ nwere obere njupụta, mgbake dị mma nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, nnabata ụda, ikuku na-agafe agafe, nchekwa okpomọkụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ojiji: A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka arịa ụlọ, ihe ohiri isi, ihe ohiri isi oche ụgbọala, ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara ihe mkpuchi dị nro nke e ji laminated mee, ụfụfụ dị nro nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nke obodo na-ejikwa dị ka ihe nzacha, ihe mkpuchi ụda, ihe mgbochi ujo, ihe ịchọ mma, ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa na ihe mkpuchi okpomọkụ.
Àgwà nke ụfụfụ siri ike: ụfụfụ polyurethane nwere ibu dị mfe, ike pụrụ iche dị elu na nkwụsi ike dị mma; arụmọrụ mkpuchi okpomọkụ nke ụfụfụ siri ike polyurethane dị elu. Ike nrapado siri ike; arụmọrụ ịka nká dị mma, ndụ ọrụ adiabatic dị ogologo; Ngwakọta mmeghachi omume ahụ nwere ezigbo mmiri mmiri ma nwee ike ijupụta oghere ma ọ bụ oghere nke ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọma. Ihe eji emepụta ụfụfụ siri ike polyurethane nwere mmeghachi omume dị elu, nwere ike ịme ka ọ gwọọ ngwa ngwa, ma nwee ike nweta arụmọrụ dị elu na mmepụta oke na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta.
Ojiji: A na-eji ya dịka ihe mkpuchi maka friji, friza, akpa e tinyere na friji, ebe a na-echekwa oyi, ọkpọkọ mmanụ na mkpuchi ọkpọkọ mmiri ọkụ, mkpuchi mgbidi na elu ụlọ, bọọdụ sanwichi mkpuchi, wdg.
64. Isi ihe dị mkpa nke nhazi usoro afụ siri ike
A: Polyols: Polyether polyols eji eme ihe maka ụdị ụfụfụ siri ike na-abụkarị ike dị elu, uru hydroxyl dị elu (obere ibu molekul) polypropylene oxide polyols; Isocyanate: Ugbu a, isocyanate eji eme ihe maka ụdị ụfụfụ siri ike bụ polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (nke a na-akpọkarị PAPI), ya bụ, MDI dị nro na MDI polymerized; ihe ndị na-eme ka ikuku gbaa:(1) ihe na-eme ka ikuku gbaa CFC (2) ihe na-eme ka ikuku gbaa HCFC na HFC (3) ihe na-eme ka ikuku gbaa pentane (4) mmiri; ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ kwụsie ike: Ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ kwụsie ike eji eme ihe maka ụdị ụfụfụ siri ike polyurethane bụkarị ihe na-eme ka polydimethylsiloxane na polyoxolefin rụọ ọrụ. Ugbu a, ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ kwụsie ike bụ ụdị Si-C; Ihe na-eme ka ikuku kwụsie ike: Ihe na-eme ka mmiri sie ike bụ amine tertiary, enwere ike iji ihe na-eme ka mmiri gbaa organotin n'oge pụrụ iche; Ihe mgbakwunye ndị ọzọ: Dịka ihe achọrọ na mkpa nke ojiji dị iche iche nke ngwaahịa ụfụfụ siri ike nke polyurethane si dị, enwere ike itinye ihe mgbochi ire ọkụ, ihe mgbochi mmeghe, ihe mgbochi anwụrụ ọkụ, ihe mgbochi ịka nká, ihe mgbochi eruru, ihe mgbochi ike na ihe mgbakwunye ndị ọzọ na usoro ahụ.
65. Ụkpụrụ nkwadebe nke ịkpụzi akpụkpọ ahụ dum maka ụfụfụ
A: ụfụfụ akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'ime (ISF), nke a makwaara dị ka ụfụfụ akpụkpọ ahụ onwe (foam akpụkpọ ahụ onwe), bụ ụfụfụ plastik nke na-emepụta akpụkpọ ahụ nke ya n'oge a na-emepụta ya.
66. Àgwà na ojiji nke polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Àgwà: polyurethane elastomer bụ ihe e ji kpụọ polima, nke a na-ejikarị oligomer polyol dị nro, diisocyanate na ihe na-agbatị chain iji mepụta akụkụ siri ike, akụkụ siri ike na nhazi nke akụkụ dị nro, na-emepụta otu nhazi ugboro ugboro. Na mgbakwunye na ịnwe otu ammonia ester, polyurethane nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen n'ime na n'etiti molekul, akụkụ dị nro na nke siri ike nwekwara ike ịmepụta mpaghara microphase ma mepụta nkewa microphase.
67. Kedu ihe bụ isi njirimara arụmọrụ nke polyurethane elastomers?
A: Àgwà arụmọrụ: 1, ike dị elu na mgbanwe, nwere ike ịdị n'ọtụtụ ụdị siri ike (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) iji nọgide na-enwe ike ịgbatị ahụ dị elu; N'ozuzu, enwere ike nweta obere ike achọrọ na-enweghị plasticizer, yabụ enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla nke mbugharị plasticizer kpatara; 2, n'okpuru otu ike ahụ, ikike ibu ibu dị elu karịa elastomers ndị ọzọ; 3, ezigbo ike iguzogide, ike iguzogide ya bụ ugboro 2 ruo 10 nke roba eke; 4. Ezigbo ike iguzogide mmanụ na kemịkalụ; Na-eguzogide radieshon polyurethane na-esi ísì ụtọ; Ezigbo ike iguzogide oxygen na iguzogide ozone; 5, ike iguzogide mmetụta dị elu, ike ọgwụgwụ dị mma na ike iguzogide ujo, dabara adaba maka ngwa mgbanwe ugboro ugboro; 6, obere mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị mma; 7, enweghị ike iji polyurethane nkịtị karịa 100 ℃, mana iji usoro pụrụ iche nwere ike iguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu 140 ℃; 8, ọnụ ahịa ịkpụzi na nhazi dị obere.
68. A na-ekewa polyurethane elastomers dịka polyols, isocyanates, usoro mmepụta, wdg si dị.
A: 1. Dịka ihe eji emepụta polyol oligomer si dị, enwere ike kewaa polyurethane elastomers n'ụdị polyester, ụdị polyether, ụdị polyolefin, ụdị polycarbonate, wdg. Enwere ike kewaa ụdị polyether n'ụdị polytetrahydrofuran na ụdị polypropylene oxide dịka ụdị dị iche iche si dị; 2. Dịka ọdịiche dị na diisocyanate si dị, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ụdị aliphatic na aromatic elastomers, ma kewaa ya n'ụdị TDI, ụdị MDI, ụdị IPDI, ụdị NDI na ụdị ndị ọzọ; Site na usoro mmepụta, a na-ekewa polyurethane elastomers n'ụdị atọ: ụdị nkedo (CPU), thermoplasticity (TPU) na ụdị ngwakọta (MPU).
69. Gịnị bụ ihe ndị na-emetụta àgwà nke polyurethane elastomers site n'echiche nke nhazi molekul?
A: Site n'echiche nke nhazi molekul, polyurethane elastomer bụ polima blọk, nke mejupụtara oligomer polyols dị nro nke nwere ike ịgbanwe agbanwe, diisocyanate na chain extender iji mepụta nhazi siri ike, nke siri ike na nke dị nro, na-emepụta otu nhazi ugboro ugboro. Na mgbakwunye na ịnwe otu ammonia ester, polyurethane nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen n'ime na n'etiti molekul, akụkụ dị nro na nke siri ike nwekwara ike ịmepụta mpaghara microphase ma mepụta nkewa microphase. Njirimara nhazi ndị a na-eme ka polyurethane elastomers nwee ezigbo nguzogide iyi na ike, nke a maara dị ka "roba na-eguzogide iyi".
70. Ọdịiche arụmọrụ dị n'etiti ụdị polyester nkịtị na ụdị polytetrahydrofuran ether elastomers
A: Mkpụrụ ndụ polyester nwere ọtụtụ otu polar ester (-COO-), nke nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen dị ike n'ime molekul, yabụ polyester polyurethane nwere ike dị elu, iguzogide iyi na iguzogide mmanụ.
Elastomer e ji polyether polyols mee nwere ezigbo nkwụsi ike hydrolysis, iguzogide ihu igwe, obere mgbanwe okpomọkụ na iguzogide ebu. Isi mmalite akụkọ/Nnyocha mmụta polymer
Oge ozi: Jenụwarị-17-2024